Growing Coffee Beans

Coffee Bean Growing isn't like growing roses.

For a tree grown in over 70 countries, from Indonesia to Brazil, it's curious how narrow a range of conditions is required to grow quality coffee beans and how relatively small the total output is.

The word 'beans' is deliberately in single-quote marks, since the thing that gets roasted and ground to make the drink isn't really a bean at all, it's a seed.

In particular, the coffee bean is the seed of a fruit that grows on trees that can easily reach twenty feet or more. Some wild varieties grow to over 45 feet or 15m. Most of those seeds come in a pair, though there is a variety of coffee berry that produce only one (the peaberry). The berry resembles a cranberry, with a sweet pulp covered by a membrane called a silverskin.

In a band around the equator from approximately 25 degrees north or south, comes the overwhelming majority of the world's coffee output. Temperatures of between 60F (15C) and 70F (21C) are best as is rainfall of six inches per month or more.

Loamy, good-draining soil is needed and also helpful is high humidity - plenty of mist and cloud at the high elevations, over 3000 ft (915m) for the good stuff. At these elevations the oxygen content is lower, so the trees take longer to mature.

The robusta, or coffea canephora, goes into making the majority of coffee because it can be grown at lower altitudes and is more disease resistant. But it's the high-altitude coffee arabica that forms the base of a gourmet cup.

Diffuse light and moderate winds are helpful, both of which are sometimes produced by deliberately growing in the shelter and shade. By contrast, wine grapes like hot sun and lots of it.

Once planted, the coffee tree takes about five years to mature before first crop and even then a single tree will only make enough for about two pounds (1 kilogram) of coffee.

Those two pounds equal about 2,000 beans, (correct or not, it's the standard term), usually hand-picked by manual laborers. Manual they may be, but ignorant they are not. Growing Coffee beans takes time and harvesting is a skill developed over time, where the picker learns to select good beans and discard the bad. Bean by individual bean. That's only one reason coffee is high priced.

The coffe trees have broad, dark green leaves and produce a flower that resembles Jasmine. Some in Brazil and Mexico, for example, blossom over a six to eight week period. In countries that lie along the equator such as Kenya and Colombia, though, a tree can have mature berries growing alongside still ripening ones. That's part of what makes picking such a speciality.

Growing Coffee beans means blossom to harvest may cover a period of up to nine months depending on the weather and other factors; and the cycle will be remain constant for the life of the coffee tree, which is about 20-25 years.

With the best cultivation technology, a good harvest will be between 6,600 lbs (3,000 kg) and 8,800 lbs (4,000 kg) per hectare. (One hectare is about 2.47 acres.)